brief history of spectroscopy?

answers1: Unfortunately it is not clear what sort of spectroscopy you
are after the history of but .. <br>
<br>
Spectroscopy was born in 1801, when the British scientist William
Wollaston discovered the existence of dark lines in the solar
spectrum. Thirteen years later, Jospeh von Fraunhofer repeated
Wollaston's work and hypothesized that the dark lines were caused by
an absence of certain wavelengths of light. It was not until 1859,
however, when German physicist Gustav Kirchhoff was able to
successfully purify substances and conclusively show that each pure
substance produces a unique light spectrum, that analytical
spectroscopy was born. Kirchhoff went on to develop a technique for
determining the chemical composition of matter using spectroscopic
analysis that he, along with Robert Bunsen, used to determine the
chemical make up of the sun. <br>
<br>
The end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries was
marked by significant efforts to quantify and explain the origin of
spectral phenomena. Beginning with the simplest atom, hydrogen,
scientists including Johann Balmer and Johannes Rydberg developed
equations to explain the atom's frequency spectrum. It was not until
Niels Bohr developed his famous model in 1913 that the energy levels
of the hydrogen spectrum could accurately be calculated. However,
Bohr's model failed miserably when applied to other elements that had
more than one electron. It took the development of quantum mechanics
by Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrodinger in 1925 to universally
explain the spectra of most elements. <br>
<br>
From the discovery of unique atomic spectra developed modern
spectroscopy. The three main varieties of spectroscopy in use today
are absorption, emission, and scattering spectroscopy. Absorption
spectroscopy, including Infrared and Ultraviolet spectroscopy,
measures the wavelengths of light that a substance absorbs to give
information about its structure. Emission spectroscopy, such as
fluorescence and laser spectroscopy, measures the amount of light of a
certain wavelength that a substance reflects. Lastly, scattering
spectroscopy, to which Raman spectroscopy belongs, is similar to
emission spectroscopy but detects and analyzes all of the wavelengths
that a substance reflects upon excitation. <br>
<br>
There is quite a bit on line .. try <br>
<a href="http://web.mit.edu/spectroscopy/history/spec-history.html"
rel="nofollow"class=Clr-b>http://web.mit.edu/spectroscopy/history/...</a>
<br>
<a href="http://www.quimica3d.com/EN/IR/history.php"
rel="nofollow"class=Clr-b>http://www.quimica3d.com/EN/IR/history.p...</a>
<br>
<a href="http://www.uku.fi/biomater/IRS/Materiaali/Raman_theory.pdf"
rel="nofollow"class=Clr-b>http://www.uku.fi/biomater/IRS/Materiaal...</a>
answers2: Bush isn't user-friendly. He lied us into the Iraq war. He
lied approximately how long it would take for us to be finished there.
he remains mendacity. Clinton became embarrassing, yet a minimum of
his nastiness became very own stuff. Bush's nastiness is international
and much greater risky. somebody mentioned that Bush mandated
"educational standards." no longer! What he did became impose the "no
baby left in the back of" requirement, which isn't an academic
universal, however the perfect opposite: it require the removing of
standards. as a results of this coverage, clever teenagers are having
their grades unfairly limited, so as that the hollow between their
rankings and the rankings of stupider teenagers won't look so great.
the best teenagers have not got any incentive to artwork their
toughest anymore as a results of fact it won't teach of their grades
no be counted how nicely they do. Clinton became undesirable. Bush is
worse. If we even have elections back, i'm going to guess that this
trend in the direction of baseness in national management maintains.